Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are steadily increasing worldwide, approaching or even attaining the endemicity threshold in many countries. This course will offer the latest knowledge in this infectious disease fi eld from genetics, epidemiology, detection of infected carriers, and treatment of infections due to those MDR bacteria. The course will focus on resistance of the most important antibiotics for treating Gram-negative bacteria such as expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, extended-spectrum aminoglycosides and polymyxins. Practical lab demonstrations will complement the lectures for learning the most modern and diagnostic techniques for rapid identifi cation of those MDR bacteria in clinical microbiology.